![]() Undeveloped seeds were excluded from viability tests. Forty seeds of every cultivar, hybrid, and species were randomly selected for each test. Louis) confirms the presence of viable living embryos through the reduction of TTC to formazan, which stains living tissues red ( Ellis et al., 1985 Hartmann et al., 2002). ![]() The TTC solution (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride Sigma-Aldrich, St. Two seed viability testing protocols were used, a traditional tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test ( Hartmann et al., 2002) and a modified TTC protocol described by Grabe (1970). Seeds were overwintered and germination was assessed the following spring (1 June 2006 and ). Bamboo stakes were arched and plastic deer netting (mesh size 3 × 3 cm) was stapled over the frame to exclude animal activity in each bed. A poison bait trap was placed in the center of each wooden frame to prevent rodent predation on the seed. Norway maple seeds were then planted as previously described, with the exception that seeds were loosely sown within wooden frames in rows without confinement in plastic mesh bags and hardware cloth units. Indicator seeds that germinated within the treated area ensured that dazomet gas had subsided and that the norway maple crop could be planted. Dissolution of dazomet was tested by sowing 12 indicator seeds within and outside the beds to observe germination. Germination beds were sterilized with 8.0 lb/1000 ft 2 dazomet (Basamid BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC) and tested for dissolution of dazomet before sowing seeds. 2005).įor the subsequent two seasons (2005–06), the experimental set up slightly changed to reduce the potential for disease and weed seed germination. Louis) was applied as a direct spray to spot treat unwanted weeds in the seed bed (7 July 2005 and 19 Aug. Beds were weeded by hand (1 June 2005, 5 July 2005, and ) and 1.5 fl oz/1000 ft 2 of glyphosate (Roundup Monsanto, St. ![]() Seeds were overwintered for an additional year to assess germination over an extended period of time. Overwintered seeds were assessed the following spring (1 June 2005) for germination. The perimeter of the bed was then enclosed with hardware cloth to further prevent seedbed disruption. Mesh bags were enclosed in two hardware cloth strips (120 × 15 cm, mesh size 1 × 1 cm) and planted in the bed to protect the seeds from animal predation. 2006), five replications of eight seeds/replication of each norway maple cultivar, hybrid, and species were sown at a depth of 1 to 3 cm ( Olson and Gabriel, 1989) in a completely randomized design.ĭuring the first season, each replication was confined in a plastic mesh bag (10 × 10 cm, mesh size 2 × 3 mm). Ground beds with native soil, a Hagerstown silt loam ( Braker 1981), a Typic Hapludalf ( Bouma et al., 2001), were amended by incorporating 8 cm of sphagnum peatmoss and perlite (Sunshine Mix 4) to produce a uniform seed bed for germination. ![]() Germination experiments were conducted at the Landscape Management Research Center Pot-in-Pot Nursery (University Park, PA) to define rates at an open site subject to fluctuating environmental conditions. The purpose of this research was to determine germination and seed viability of norway maple cultivars to further understand each cultivar's possible invasiveness. By determining the biologic potential of suspect species and their cultivars, less active and threatening cultivars may be defined and could be recommended for landscape use ( Wheeler and Starrett, 2001). To address the potential invasiveness of suspected landscape plants, it is crucial that biologic traits of germination and viability be collected for cultivars of alleged invasive species. (2001) reported that norway maple seed banks consisting of long-lived and short-lived seeds were capable of establishing in the forest ( Webb and Kaunzinger, 1993). At the Drew University Forest Preserve (Madison, NJ), Webb et al. Ecological researchers have suggested that it has escaped to alter forests and woodlots by outcompeting native trees and reducing wildflower diversity under its canopy ( Munger, 2003 Randall and Marinelli, 1996 Rhoads and Block, 2005 Webb and Kaunzinger, 1993). Norway maple is one species that has been listed as potentially invasive.
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